The French and Indian war Essay Example for Free

The French and Indian war Essay The French and Indian war which took place from 1754 to 1763 was fought between the French, American Indians and Great Britain. Contrary to what the title might imply the French and Indian war was not a battle fought between the French and Indian but a war fought against the British with the French and American Indians as allies. This war also goes by the name of the Seven Years’ War as it was part of the Seven Year’s war that also took place throughout Europe and Asia (Anderson, F. , 747). The main conflict over the start of the war was an expansion of territory, both New England, under British rule and New France, under French rule, wanted to expand their territory. The outcome of this war was highly important to the forming of the United States as France ceded all of its territory to the east of the Mississippi river including French Canada to the British, left Great Britain in so much debt it raised colonial taxes, and trained future military leaders that the conclusion of the French and Indian War lay the seeds for what would ultimately result in the American Revolution and the formation of the United States of America. This war is considered to be the last major war between, France, Great Britain the Native Americans. Unlike previous wars this siege began on American soil and moved its way into Europe. The Native Americans did fight on both sides but they are primarily considered to have allied with the French. It was during this war that many of the future leaders of the American Revolution, such as George Washington, would fight ironically for Great Britain. As most wars in this time period occurred over the acquisition of land or expansion of territory. Due to Britain’s strong Navy the British were able to colonize much of the Eastern Seaboard as they had superior ability to transport supplies as well as colonists. British claims to North American soil came from royal grants that had no definite boundaries towards the west (Asimov, I. , 174-175). The French additionally wanted to expand their territory and used Robert de LaSalle’s exploration to claim the Mississippi river and its surrounding basin for the French. This also would include what is known as the Ohio River Valley basin (Anderson, F. , 2005, 9-10). Both countries wanted to expand their hold over the land for the natural resources available including fur trading, fertile soil for farming, control of important fishing grounds and other trades that contributed to economic stimulus. The British colonists also feared the French’s influence on religion. British subjects were primarily protestant and the French were Roman Catholic and had many active Missions within North America. A French control of North America would provide a threat to the British colonist’s religious beliefs and like-wise the French feared the British rule as under British law Catholics were still persecuted. (Anderson, F. , 2005, 85) Though fighting in North American finished in 1760 the actual end of the war was not until 1763 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris and the Treaty of Hubertusburg. France lost all of its territory in North American East of the Mississippi river, including Canada, and retained two small islands off of Newfoundland. France regained the two Caribbean Islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe, previously occupied by the British. Spain gained Louisiana as compensation for losing Florida to the British as well as Cuba and Manila. There was also many other territorial shifts throughout Asia as British regained control of India and Sumatra as an example. The outcome of this was the key that set events into motion for the future formation of the United States of America. (Marston. , D. , 84) Great Britain was now in control of the majority of North America. But the war and resulting treaty had left enormous debts as France had traded French Canada for the Caribbean islands. The islands provided a large economic value as they were a large source of sugar and being small islands much easier to defend. Great Britain chose to pay off its debts from tax money collected from the colonies. The end of the French control in North America also influenced the start of the American Revolution as it united the colonists to focus on one enemy, namely the British instead of having to worry about additional conflict. The increase in taxes as well as the withdrawal of French rule in North American would prove fuel for increasing conflicts between the colonies and Great Britain and ultimately result in the American Revolution and the formation of the United States or America. (Anderson, F. , 2005, 242-250) It should also be noted that many of the American Revolutions military leaders participated in the French and Indian War. George Washington commanded troops at the first confrontation of the French and Indian war were he was sent to negotiate boundaries with the French at Fort Duquesne, currently Pittsburgh. A skirmish occurred in which a French officer was killed and added weight for the French to resist (Ellis, J. , 5). Additional Revolutionary war heroes served under the great general Edward Braddock during the French and Indian War,; Brigadier General and Adjutant General Horatio Gates, Captain Daniel Morgan of â€Å"Morgan’s Sharpshooters† rifle company, and Major General Charles Lee of the Continental Army to name but a few (Higginbotham, D). It is possible that without the French and Indian War the United States of America would not be what it is today. The French and Indian war directly resulted in partitioning North America in a way the resulted in what is known as eastern United States over one rule, the British. It resulted in an increase on taxes which is a direct precursor to the American Revolution as increased taxes stemmed various rebellious demonstrations most notably the Boston Tea Party. The French and Indian war removed a potential threat of the French from colonist’s minds, allowing them to completely focus on the British and experience in the army during the French and Indian war produced great revolutionary leaders like George Washington. Without the French and Indian war it is doubtful weather these events would have occurred which would have culminated in the formation of the United States of America. Without the French and Indian War George Washington might have just been a farmer and the United States might not have become independent. Who knows the United States under British rule might have resulted, only stretching to the Mississippi and another country might have formed, perhaps under Spanish rule to the West. Bibliography: Anderson, F., Crucible of War: The Seven Years War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754-1766. New York: Knopf, 2000, page 747 Anderson, F. , The War that Made America, Viking Penguin, 2005, pages 9-10, Asimov. , I. , The Shaping of North America. , Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1973, pages 174-175 Ellis, J. , His Excellency George Washington. New York: Vintage Books, A Division of Random House, Inc. , 2004, page 5 Higginbotham, D. Daniel Morgan: Revolutionary Rifleman. University of North Carolina Press, 1961 Marston, D. The French-Indian War 1754-1763. Osprey Publishing, 2002, page 84

Spring 2012 WOU Dance Concert Essay Example for Free

Spring 2012 WOU Dance Concert Essay Attending the Spring Dance concert was a fun learning experience. I am glad that this was a required assignment for this dance class because if it was not required I am sure I would not have attended . The variety of dances have taught me different things, and one of them is that you do not have to do complex moves in order to dance. The dance I have decided to write about is Voicing Acceptance choreographed my Nancy Sorensen. There are many reasons why I have chosen to do my paper on this specific dance. I will discuss how the sound or movement, lighting,movement and females/males contribute to the overall success of the dance piece. First, I will discuss the message of the dance piece and how the sound/music contribute to the achievement of dance piece . The dance was about students expressing their feelings towards dance. Each of them did a recording of them speaking and that recording was played at the While the recording was playing the student was dancing. I like the sound and music because it supported the dance. The dance just as the music and sound was soft and emotional. The students were really good at expressing the music and what they feel with facial expressions. For example some of them were smiling and some were serious. The dance piece supports the title because hey are voicing their personal opinion on why they are attracted to dance.As the sound was playindg there was a pattern I saw which was that every student would dance as their recording was playing. The lighting on stage made this dance piece be even better. The lighting during the dance was great. When everyone was dancing the light was constant. But, when a particular student was dancing they would use a spot light on him or her. I really liked the idea of putting a spot light on each student when their recording was playing, because we as the could identify the student. While the student was dancing the lights were pointed towards him/her. Their dancing was both imaginative and communicative. I think that it was imaginative because you hadhave to imagine what each movement was about, while at the same time was communicative, because they were telling the audience what they felt and they were also communicating through body language. For example, when a student was dancing he used his arms and it went well with the sound and music. The movement of their hands was soft and it was slow just like the music. The idea of incorporating females and males into the dance helped this dance piece be great. In the recording a student said that many people stereotype dance. They said that dance is only for females, but Voicing Acceptance proved that this is wrong, anyone can dance. Having females and males gave the dancers the opportunity to have a partner and together they were able to express what they felt. In conclusion, definitively my favorite dance was voicing acceptance by Nancy Sorensen. throughtout my paper I have explained why I think how the sound or movement, lighting,movement and females/males contribute to the overall success of the dance piece. Overall the dance concert was great. I got the opportunity to enjoy different types of dances. This dance made me really emotional. I loved the way each student expressed themselves; I was almost going to cry. I believe that one of the purposes of this dance was to get in the audiences heart and it really did.

Negative Effects Of A Patriarchal Society

Negative Effects Of A Patriarchal Society Many literary men experienced this century as the Age of anxiety while many female counterparts experienced this time as en era of exuberance. An important reason for such a reaction was the increase in female power which marked the new culture of the 20th C. During this time, women of both sides of the Atlantics achieved not only the vote but entered every profession in ever greater numbers. The images of women portrayed by modernist men were largely negative. There was a notable obsession to write about what women should and should not be. In many of her writings, Virginia Woolf observed that while the Victorian cook lived like a leviathan in the lower depthsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The Georgian cook is a creature of sunshine and fresh air (Fernandez, 2009: 1233). In this sense, women were no longer defined through their erotic relationship with men; the task of the woman writer instead was to trace the prospects and problems of an expanding female intellectual community. Accompanied by oth er modernist writers, Virginia composed experimental books concerning the ideas of female power, such the case of to the lighthouse in which Mrs. Ramsay the mystical and mysterious mother, became an emblem of independence and endurance (Fernandez, 2009: 1240). The novel is divided into 3 sections; The window, Time Passes and To the Lighthouse. Each section is narrated in a stream of consciousness style from various narrators. The central plot of the novel centers on the story of a journey to the lighthouse. James Ramsay, son of the Ramsays marriage, wants to achieve this journey at the age of 6 with her mother but only after 10 years he can do this trip. He achieves this aim after he had gained strong feelings of hatred against his father because of causing him a difficult path during childhood.;Had there been an axe handy, a poker, or any weapon that would have gashed a hole in his fathers breast and killed him, there and then, James would have seized it. Such were the extremes of emotion that Mr. Ramsay excited in his childrens breasts by his mere presence; standing, as now, lean as a knife, narrow as the blade of one, grinning sarcastically, not only with the pleasure of disillusioning his son and casting ridicule upon his wife, who was ten thousand times better in every way than he was (James thought), but also with some secret conceit at his own accuracy of judgment (Woolf, 1987: 1). By focusing on the contrast between male a female characters, Virginia Woolf has paid attention to the necessity of each one for the other in mental terms. In this sense, Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay are contrasted with other characters so as to show the discrepancy of a mind belonging of a man or a woman. Mrs. Ramsay is the sentimental one who possesses a poetical mind while Mr. Ramsay is the egoistic one who contrasts his ideas with that of her wife (McCarthy, 2002: 2 ). Mrs. Ramsay is first presented as a typical Victorian mother, preaching to her daughters the superiority of the male sex; Indeed, she had the whole of the other sex under her protection; for reasons she could not explain, for their chivalry and valour, for the fact that they negotiated treaties, ruled India, controlled finance and woe betide the girl-pray Heaven it was none of her daughters! Who did not feel the worth of it (Woolf, 1987: 2). By the time the novel was written, women had to comfort and serve men. That patriarchal society imposed the differences between women and men by proving the stereotypes of feminity and masculinity. Mr. Ramsay is the representative male character whose views of life as object or subject as well as his thinking in linear terms were the result of the intelligence and education achieved through the alphabet theory. It was his splendid mind like the alphabet is ranged in twenty-six letters all in order, then his splendid mind had one by one, firmly and accurately, until it had reached, say, the letter Q. He reached Q. Very few people in the whole of England ever reach Q (Woolf, 1987: 16). On the other hand, Lily Briscoe is the female character affected by this theory of the alphabet as well as by Mr. Tansley way of disapproving her by saying that women cant paint, cant write (Woolf, 1987: 24). In this way, she does not fit into that idealized stereotype of women required by the dominated society of the period. She mirrors Woolf own ideology as regards the inequalities of both sexes (McCarthy, 2022: 2). In fact, Lily Briscoe feels undermined by men; She felt a sudden emptiness, a frustration (Woolf, 1987: 77). Nevertheless, she does not obey to that tradition and tries to impose her independence. By portraying Mrs. Ramsays picture, she fights against the society which idealized the female with domesticity and maternity in order to become a painter (McCarthy, 2002: 3). Women have always fought to break the boundaries between them and men in order to free themselves. Such conflict was also present in literature where men were the ones who dominate while women should address a phallocentric language in their works of art. That is why, lily transcends the barriers separating the experience of life and production of art (Baker:3). The feminine is not beautiful but a masquerade or performance while beauty is questionable since a beautiful woman is a construction from a patriarchal society (Humm, 2007: 239). Mrs. Ramsay is essential since her beauty causes an effect in every character when it is perceived. This beauty is seemed through her different roles; as a beautiful mother when warming her child Yes, of course, if its fine tomorrow, said Mrs. Ramsay. But youll have to be up with the lark, she added; James Ramsay, sitting on the floor cutting out pictures from the illustrated catalogue of the Army and Navy stores, endowed the picture of a refrigerator, as his mother spoke, with heavenly bliss. It was fringed with joy (Woolf, 1987: 1). Or as a woman increasing her beauty through the time, from men perspectives; or even when she dies and Lily Briscoe is portraying her as if she has never died. Lily Briscoe is the artist who comprehends the necessity as regards men and women. She finishes her painting since she perceives the fusion of apparently opposites. Both characters are the vital contrasts in the novel who, however, agree with one striking similarity; Mrs. Ramsay herself at some points deconstructs her role expressing doubts and dissatisfaction about the gender role into which she has been forced (Ingman, 1998: 133). Lily Briscoe instead, has to deconstruct the rigid Victorian gender identities in order to become a painter. Mrs. Ramsay ends on a note of dissatisfaction that she carries a notebook of statistics in her bag, in the hope that thus she would case to be a private woman whose charity was half a sop to her own indignation, half a relief to her own curiosity and become, what with her untrained mind she greatly admired, an investigator elucidating the social problem (Woolf, 1987: 4). She also adds in this her admiration for Lily; there was in Lilyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Something of her own which Mrs. Ramsay liked very much indeed (Woolf, 1987: 53). In the same way, Lily shows admiration for Mrs. Ramsay when she dies; for if she did not do it nobody would do it (Woolf, 1987: 67). Virginia Woolf highlights how strong were the influences and effects caused by the phallocentrism lived during the Victorian period; especially the consequences produced in children and family life. Mr. Ramsay, the domineering and self-centered husband (Woolf, 1987: 1), blocks the maturity of his son James since he does not want to comfort his sons desire of going to the Lighthouse. What he said was true. It was always true. He was incapable of untruth; never tampered with a fact; never altered a disagreeable word to suit the pleasure or convenience of any mortal being, least of all of his own children, who, sprung from his loins, should be aware from childhood that life is difficult; facts uncompromising; and the passage to that fabled land where our brightest hopes are extinguished, our frail barks founder in darkness (here Mr. Ramsay would straighten his back and narrow his little blue eyes upon the horizon), one that needs, above all, courage, truth, and the power to endure (Wool f, 1987: 1). He just imposes obstacles in his children happiness, Mr. Ramsay is the one who controls and dominates his family, women and children. Even when he has too much work, he looks for support in women; he is always trying to be satisfied by her wife;He wanted sympathy. He was a failure, he said. Mrs. Ramsay flashed her needles. Mr. Ramsay repeated, never taking his eyes from her face, that he was a failure. She blew the words back at him. Charles Tansley she said. But he must have more than that. It was sympathy he wanted, to be assured of his genius, first of all, and then to be taken within the circle of life, warmed and soothed, to have his senses restored to him, his barrenness made fertile, and all the rooms of the house made full of life-the drawing-room; behind the drawing-room the kitchen; above the kitchen the bedrooms; and beyond them the nurseries; they must be furnished, they must be filled with life (Woolf, 1987: 18). Mr. Ramsay refuses to let James to fulfill his desire so his son hated him. He hated him for coming up to them, for stopping and looking down on them; he hated him for interrupting them; he hated him for the exaltation and sublimity of his gestures; for the magnificence of his head; for his exactingness and egotism (for there he stood, commanding them to attend to him) but most of all he hated the twang and twitter of his fathers emotion which, vibrating round them, disturbed the perfect simplicity and good sense of his relations with his mother (Woolf, 1987: 18). However, Mr. Ramsay changes his mind after ten years later when his wife Mrs. Ramsay dies. He changes especially his view of the world in linear terms which is left aside. At this precise moment, Lily Briscoe finishes Mrs. Ramsay portrayal making her seem as if she has never died; Lily had taken the wrong brush in her agitation at Mr. Ramsays presence, and her easel, rammed into the earth so nervously, was at the wrong angle. And now that she had put that right, and in so doing had subdued the impertinences and irrelevances that plucked her attention and made her remember how she was such and such a person, had such and such relations to people, she took her hand and raised her brush. For a moment it stayed trembling in a painful but exciting ecstasy in the airà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ That woman sitting there writing under the rock resolved everything into simplicity; made these angers, irritations fall off like old rags; she brought together this and that and then this, and so made out of th at miserable silliness (Woolf, 1987: 80). Mr. Ramsays change is finally achieved by his acceptance to go to the lighthouse with his children; without the presence of his wife but making feel Woolfs aim that it was possible to take out the phallocentrism during the Victorian period (McCarthy, 2002: 3). Adding Lilys painting which represents the change in ideology between the old and the new generation of women at that time (Ingman, 1988: 132). To conclude, in the Lighthouse it is symbolically represented the tensions and negative effects of the age of tyranny felt by most women, children and feminist artists during the Victorian period. James Ramsay could finally fulfilled his dream but, unfortunately, he has grown up full of hatred for his father lack of love and comprehension; Cam, his brother, feels too disappointed and dos not know if joining his brother or fathers side. How many children or men like them there must have been, it is impossible to measure but what is certainly true is that scars from childhood mostly are never cured. children dont forget, children dont forget (Woolf, 1987: 32) That is why, with the stream of consciousness technique as well as Woolfs unique style, the portrayal of a family governmed by such a patriarchal man was magnificently felt; not only for the well developed dramatization of each character but because the complexity of the novel shows that women writers were also capable of creating such significant work of art without following a phallocentric language or a language imposed by men. I was not going to let myself be diminished, neutralized; I would not ever let them make me over their image (McCarthy, 2002: 2).

Following Janies Developement in Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay ex

People grow and develop at different rates. The factors that heavily influence a person's growth are heredity and environment. The people you meet and the experiences you have are very important in what makes a person who he/she is. Janie develops as a woman with the three marriages she has. In each marriage she learns precious lessons, has increasingly better relationships, and realizes how a person is to live his/her life. In Their Eyes Were Watching God, by Zora Neale Hurston, Janie's marriages to Logan Killicks, Jody Starks, and Tea Cake are the most vital elements in her growth as a woman. Janie's marriage to Logan Killicks was the first stage in her growth as a woman. She hoped that her obligatory marriage with Logan would end her solitude and desire for love. Right from the beginning, the solitude in the marriage shows up when Janie sees that his house is a "lonesome place like a stump in the middle of the woods where nobody had ever been" (20). This description of Logan's house is symbolic of the relationship they have. Janie eventually admits to Nanny that she still...

Business and Social Responsibility Essay -- Social Responsibility Essay

Business and Social Responsibility It is widely known that for a business to be successful it needs to provide a good or service that is desired by the public and also to obtain a profit in providing said good or service. Now while these are the most important components to a successful business, they are not the only ones. The social responsibilities of a business include the following: environmental protection and preservation, employee safety and morale, product safety for the consumer. The financial manager must keep these three social responsibilities in mind when making any and all decisions. The environment has become a big issue over the last 30-40 years, especially for the businesses that may negatively affect it. Businesses that have been suspected of polluting or...

The following piece of work is an analysis of the short story called Es

The following piece of work is an analysis of the short story called the signalman by Charles dickens. â€Å"The signal man† is set in the mid 19th century. The main setting is that of right beside a train tunnel where the main character the signal man stays to let trains through etc.The storyline is set mostly in the night time. The story has an eerie effect on me as a reader. While I was reading the signal man I picked up on the tense atmosphere. At one point early on in the story, there’s a moment which brought the tension to the story in a strong way. â€Å"He looked up at me without replying, and I looked down at him without repeating too soon.† I think this moment brings some tension as, it made me eager to see what was going to happen next. I also think that the silence of the signal man brings some darkness to the story. His silence made him seem like a sinister character. Charles Dickens describes him to use hand actions as well. In a strange way I enjoy how the signal man is so creepy. I think I find this, as it gives more depth to him as a character. â€Å"He pointed to the red light he had looked at†. â€Å"His manner seemed to make the place strike colder to me†. Throughout the story Dickens presents the narrator and the signal man differently. I feel the signal man is portrayed as lonely, quiet sinister character. â€Å"He had taught himself a language down here,--if only to know it by sight, and to have formed his own crude ideas of its pronunciation†. This shows that he has hardly any contact with external influences. I could imagine seeing the signal man on a frosty winter’s morning, feeling his stare, burning through my skin like a concentrated sun on paper. He works alone in the middle o... ...f the signal man, it helped me realise what Dickens meant by the certain hand gestures made by the signalman himself. Also it gave another level to the tension and the ending was more forceful as well. The ending of the story does its job well. It brings the little pieces that the story has accumulated together, explaining the truth about explaining things that I questions earlier on. Like why the signal man puzzled about why the narrator yelled "Halloa! Below there!† As well as the strange stories that the lonely signal man had spoke of. Even though the story was short and realistic, I would not recommend it to other readers. I think it has a good impact, but is not my type of book overall. It takes a while to engulf the reader, and when it does, the story is almost over. The ending is not powerful enough to change my thoughts on the story though†¦

Management Power and Change Essay

1 Abstract The dynamics of power relations and their effects on organizational change was often underestimated by researchers. Analyses of the role played by power in organizational change are increasing in intensity, scale and impact (Munduate and Bennebroeck-Gravenhorst 2003). The appropriate and effective use of power is fundamental for managers engaged in major change processes. This report deals with the topic of management power and change. It focuses on the exercise of power and its function in organizational change. At first power and change management will be defined and then the bases or sources of power and the responses which are provoked according to the type of power being applied .how power can be used to influence and facilitate organizational change. 2 Definition of Power There are many variations to the definition of power and there are disagreements on its definition and what the best way is to measure it. The definition also depends on the context in which power is used. In this case, since the report focuses on the explanation of the use of power in the setting of organizational change, power is â€Å"the potential ability to influence behavior, to change the course of events, to overcome resistance, and to get people to do things that they would not otherwise do† (Pfeffer, 1993: 204-5). 2.1 Power and Influence In trying to understand how change is achieved, social psychologists have used the concepts of social power and influence (Raven 1999) and therefore the terms power and influence are sometimes used synonymously, but there are discrepancies between them. Social power indicates the various tools a person has to influence the environment or the other party, while influence is referring to the actual use of a specific tool in a particular situation (Munduate and Medina 2009). According to French and Raven (1959) influence is a force one person (the leader or agent) exerts on someone else (follower or target) to induce a change in the latter, including changes in behaviors, attitudes, and values. Social power was subsequently defined as the potential ability of a person to influence someone else. â€Å"Basically, influence is the effect a person’s actions have on the attitudes, values, beliefs, or behavior of others. Whereas power is the capacity to cause a change in a person, influence may be thought of as the degree of actual change† (Daft, 2006: 679-680). Boddy defines influence as the process by which one party attempts to modify the behavior of others by mobilizing power resources. Hence, in order to apprehend the function of the change agent in the promotion of change in an organization, the reactions of the targets involving a proactive disposition toward change have to be considered first and then the available tools for the change agent to influence the targets (Munduate and Medina 2009). 2.3 Types of Influence Processes There are clear differences in the way followers comply to direct and indirect social pressure from a leader and actually being convinced by him. In one case the influence may just be sufficient to exercise control over the followers’ behavior, guaranteeing a public agreement no matter if the followers are privately convinced. In another case the influence could be so strong that it changes the followers’ opinion and merely makes him committed to the leader’s request. Consequently, different types of influences have been proposed by social psychologists, whereby the most important was Kelman’s distinction (1961) between compliance, internalization, and identification. 2.4 Bases of Power For a manager to be effective, he has to possess a source of power which he can use to influence employees to take actions or carry out orders which they would not have done in the absence of that power source.